NO.PZ2021052601000018
问题如下：
A decrease in both the labor force participation ratio and the unemployment rate is most likely caused by:
选项：
A.an increase in discouraged workers. B.an increase in underemployed workers. C.a decrease in voluntarily unemployed persons.解释：
A is correct. Discouraged workers have given up seeking employment and are statistically outside the labor force. Therefore, an increase in discouraged workers will decrease the labor force and thus the labor participation ratio, which is the ratio of labor force to total working age population. Additionally, an increase in discouraged workers will decrease the unemployment rate because discouraged workers are not counted in the official unemployment rate.
灰心丧气的工人放弃了找工作，统计数据显示他们不在劳动力大军之中。因此，这类工人的增加会降低劳动力，从而降低劳动参与率，即劳动力与总劳动年龄人口的比率下降。此外，此类工人的增加将降低失业率，因为它们不计入官方失业率。
① Labor Force participation rate = Labor Force / Working-age population.
② Unemployment rate = Number of Unemployed / Labor Force.
Labor Force 不包含 Discouraged workers.
疑问：
- Discouraged workers 的增减变动应该理解为【原来那帮人的内部流动】还是【新增减的人口变动】？
- Working-age population 是否已经包含了 discouraged workers ？
- An increase in discouraged workers是怎么影响①②公式的呢？请明确指出。
