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Biubiu · 2021年03月31日

算着算着突然有点懵。请问老师 是只有在计算exposure的时候才需要考虑二叉树节点概率,但计算VND的时候都当成0.5/0.5?

NO.PZ2019011002000009

问题如下:

Bond C is a 4-year corporate bond. The bond is a floating rate bond and its coupon rate is the one-year benchmark rate plus 4%. Assume the risk-neutral probability of default (the hazard rate) for each date for the bond is 1.50%, and the recovery rate is 25%.

The current spot rates and forward rates are shown in the table below:

Li, a credit analyst in a wealth management firm, believes that the future interest rate volatility is 20%.

He constructed a binomial interest rate tree by using his volatility estimation and the current yield curve.

The binomial interest rate tree is shown below:

The market price of this floating rate bond is 1054 currently. According to the information above, compared with the bond’s fair value, the value of the bond is:

选项:

A.

Undervalued

B.

Overvalued

C.

Fairly-valued

解释:

A is correct.

考点:使用二叉树对有风险的浮动利率债券进行估值

解析:

本题是要计算Floating-rate bond的Fair value;首先需要用二叉树模型计算其VND,有:

该浮动利率债券的Coupon为Benchmark rate加上4%,因此Date 4的Coupon rate出现的情况有:

8.0804%+4%;5.4164%+4%;3.6307%+4%;2.4338%+4%

因此Date 4现金流的情况:

1000×(1+0.080804+0.04)=1120.80

1000×(1+0.054164+0.04)=1094.16

1000×(1+0.036307+0.04)=1076.31

1000×(1+0.024338+0.04)=1064.34

由Date 4的现金流和二叉树所示利率,可以折现求得Date 3四个节点的Value:

1120.80/1.080804=1037.01

1094.16/1.054164=1037.94

1076.31/1.036307=1038.60

1064.34/1.024338=1039.05

由Date 2的Benchmark利率可以知道在Date 3三个节点Coupon rate出现的情况有:

4.3999%+4%;2.9493%+4%;1.9770%+4%

因此Date 3 Coupon现金流的情况:

1000×(0.043999+0.04)=84

1000×(0.029493+0.04)=69.49

1000×(0.019770+0.04)=59.77

将Date 3各个节点的Coupon加上Date 3各个节点的Value构成Date 3的总现金流,利用二叉树向Date 2折现:

[(0.5×1037.01+0.5×1037.94)+84]/1.043999=1074.21

[(0.5×1037.94+0.5×1038.60)+69.49]/1.029493=1076.03

[(0.5×1038.60+0.5×1039.05)+59.77]/1.019770=1077.30

Date 2的两个节点的Coupon由Date 1 Benchmark利率决定,因此Date 1的Coupon rate出现的情况有:

2.1180%+4%;1.4197%+4%;

因此Date 2 coupon现金流的情况:

1000×(0.021180+0.04)= 61.18

1000×(0.014197+0.04)= 54.20

Date 2的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成Date 2的总现金流向Date 1折现:

(1074.21×0.5+1076.03×0.5+61.18)/(1+2.1180%)=1112.73

(1076.03×0.5+1077.30×0.5+54.20)/(1+1.4197%)=1115.03

Date 1的Coupon由Date 0时刻Benchmark利率决定,因此Date 1的Coupon rate有:

-0.25%+4%

则Date 1的Coupon为:

1000×(-0.0025+0.04)= 37.50

Date 1的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成Date 1的总现金流向Date0折现:

(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27

这个1154.27为债券的VND;下面利用二叉树计算债券的CVA;

Date 4的Exposure为:

0.125×1120.80+0.375×1094.16+0.375×1076.31

+0.125×1064.34=1087.07

Date 3的Exposure为:

0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60

+0.125×1039.05+0.250×84+0.5×69.49+0.250×59.77=1108.90

Date 2的Exposure为:

0.25×1074.21+0.5×1076.03+0.25×1077.30

+61.18×0.5+54.20×0.5=1133.583

Date 1的Exposure为:

1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50=1151.38

由以上Exposure数据,已知Recovery rate为25%,所以可以知道Recovery;再用Exposure减去Recovery可以得到Loss given default (LGD);本题 hazard rate为1.5%,则可以算出POS以及对应POD;再用违约损失LGD乘以违约概率POD得到预期损失Expected loss;Expected loss通过折现因子求得PV(EL);加总即得到债券的CVA;

因此由债券的VND减去其CVA可以的到Fair value:

1154.27 – 47.6019 = 1106.67;已知当前债券的市场价格为1054;则可以改债券是相对被低估的。

算着算着突然有点懵。请问老师 是只有在计算exposure的时候才需要考虑二叉树节点概率,但计算VND的时候都当成0.5/0.5? 

1 个答案
已采纳答案

WallE_品职答疑助手 · 2021年04月01日

嗨,努力学习的PZer你好:


是的哈,站在二叉树每一个节点来看,往后上下概率均为0.5,那我们为了折现得到该节点value用到的后两个value取到的概率均是50%;而站在某一个时点来看,总敞口是各个节点价值的加权平均,权重就是刚才说到的路径加总概率。


我们在计算VND的时候,和利用二叉树求含权债券定价是一样的,我们是从后往前,一个一个时间点往前折现得到的,注意是前后2个时间点。

站在二叉树的每一个时间节点往后看,都有上下两种可能性,上下的可能性均为50%。上下两个节点价值往前折现概率均取50%,所以权重是1/2。


计算CVA的时候我们要先计算每个时点的exposure。exposure是某一个时间点的总敞口。由于现在二叉树每一个时间点都有多个value,乘以相对应的概率,进行加权平均,最后加上这个时间点上的coupon就可以得到这个点的exposure。

比如Date 3的Exposure为:0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60, 这整个date3,这一竖行,代表一个时间点(和上面我说的2个时间点不一样)


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就算太阳没有迎着我们而来,我们正在朝着它而去,加油!

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NO.PZ2019011002000009问题如下BonC is a 4-yecorporate bon The bonis a floating rate bonanits coupon rate is the one-yebenchmark rate plus 4%. Assume the risk-neutrprobability of fault (the hazarrate) for eate for the bonis 1.50%, anthe recovery rate is 25%.The current spot rates anforwarrates are shown in the table below:Li, a cret analyst in a wealth management firm, believes ththe future interest rate volatility is 20%.He constructea binomiinterest rate tree using his volatility estimation anthe current yielcurve.The binomiinterest rate tree is shown below:The market priof this floating rate bonis 1054 currently. Accorng to the information above, comparewith the bons fair value, the value of the bonis:A.Unrvalue.Overvalue.Fairly-valueA is correct.考点使用二叉树对有风险的浮动利率债券进行估值解析本题是要计算Floating-rate bonFair value;首先需要用二叉树模型计算其VN有该浮动利率债券的Coupon为Benchmark rate加上4%,因此te 4的Coupon rate出现的情况有8.0804%+4%;5.4164%+4%;3.6307%+4%;2.4338%+4%因此te 4现金流的情况1000×(1+0.080804+0.04)=1120.801000×(1+0.054164+0.04)=1094.161000×(1+0.036307+0.04)=1076.311000×(1+0.024338+0.04)=1064.34由te 4的现金流和二叉树所示利率,可以折现求得te 3四个节点的Value:1120.80/1.080804=1037.011094.16/1.054164=1037.941076.31/1.036307=1038.601064.34/1.024338=1039.05由te 2的Benchmark利率可以知道在te 3三个节点Coupon rate出现的情况有4.3999%+4%;2.9493%+4%;1.9770%+4%因此te 3 Coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.043999+0.04)=841000×(0.029493+0.04)=69.491000×(0.019770+0.04)=59.77将te 3各个节点的Coupon加上te 3各个节点的Value构成te 3的总现金流,利用二叉树向te 2折现[(0.5×1037.01+0.5×1037.94)+84]/1.043999=1074.21[(0.5×1037.94+0.5×1038.60)+69.49]/1.029493=1076.03[(0.5×1038.60+0.5×1039.05)+59.77]/1.019770=1077.30te 2的两个节点的Coupon由te 1 Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate出现的情况有2.1180%+4%;1.4197%+4%;因此te 2 coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.021180+0.04)= 61.181000×(0.014197+0.04)= 54.20te 2的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 2的总现金流向te 1折现(1074.21×0.5+1076.03×0.5+61.18)/(1+2.1180%)=1112.73(1076.03×0.5+1077.30×0.5+54.20)/(1+1.4197%)=1115.03te 1的Coupon由te 0时刻Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate有-0.25%+4%则te 1的Coupon为1000×(-0.0025+0.04)= 37.50te 1的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 1的总现金流向te0折现(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27这个1154.27为债券的VN下面利用二叉树计算债券的CVA;te 4的Exposure为0.125×1120.80+0.375×1094.16+0.375×1076.31+0.125×1064.34=1087.07te 3的Exposure为0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60+0.125×1039.05+0.250×84+0.5×69.49+0.250×59.77=1108.90te 2的Exposure为0.25×1074.21+0.5×1076.03+0.25×1077.30+61.18×0.5+54.20×0.5=1133.583te 1的Exposure为1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50=1151.38由以上Exposure数据,已知Recovery rate为25%,所以可以知道Recovery;再用Exposure减去Recovery可以得到Loss given fault (LG;本题 hazarrate为1.5%,则可以算出POS以及对应PO再用违约损失LG以违约概率PO到预期损失Expecteloss;Expecteloss通过折现因子求得PV(EL);加总即得到债券的CVA;因此由债券的VN去其CVA可以的到Fair value1154.27 – 47.6019 = 1106.67;已知当前债券的市场价格为1054;则可以改债券是相对被低估的。(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27 这个1154.27为债券的VN这个算出来是1535.17啊,是算错了吗

2024-03-04 16:40 1 · 回答

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2023-10-12 20:35 1 · 回答

NO.PZ2019011002000009问题如下BonC is a 4-yecorporate bon The bonis a floating rate bonanits coupon rate is the one-yebenchmark rate plus 4%. Assume the risk-neutrprobability of fault (the hazarrate) for eate for the bonis 1.50%, anthe recovery rate is 25%.The current spot rates anforwarrates are shown in the table below:Li, a cret analyst in a wealth management firm, believes ththe future interest rate volatility is 20%.He constructea binomiinterest rate tree using his volatility estimation anthe current yielcurve.The binomiinterest rate tree is shown below:The market priof this floating rate bonis 1054 currently. Accorng to the information above, comparewith the bons fair value, the value of the bonis:A.Unrvalue.Overvalue.Fairly-valueA is correct.考点使用二叉树对有风险的浮动利率债券进行估值解析本题是要计算Floating-rate bonFair value;首先需要用二叉树模型计算其VN有该浮动利率债券的Coupon为Benchmark rate加上4%,因此te 4的Coupon rate出现的情况有8.0804%+4%;5.4164%+4%;3.6307%+4%;2.4338%+4%因此te 4现金流的情况1000×(1+0.080804+0.04)=1120.801000×(1+0.054164+0.04)=1094.161000×(1+0.036307+0.04)=1076.311000×(1+0.024338+0.04)=1064.34由te 4的现金流和二叉树所示利率,可以折现求得te 3四个节点的Value:1120.80/1.080804=1037.011094.16/1.054164=1037.941076.31/1.036307=1038.601064.34/1.024338=1039.05由te 2的Benchmark利率可以知道在te 3三个节点Coupon rate出现的情况有4.3999%+4%;2.9493%+4%;1.9770%+4%因此te 3 Coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.043999+0.04)=841000×(0.029493+0.04)=69.491000×(0.019770+0.04)=59.77将te 3各个节点的Coupon加上te 3各个节点的Value构成te 3的总现金流,利用二叉树向te 2折现[(0.5×1037.01+0.5×1037.94)+84]/1.043999=1074.21[(0.5×1037.94+0.5×1038.60)+69.49]/1.029493=1076.03[(0.5×1038.60+0.5×1039.05)+59.77]/1.019770=1077.30te 2的两个节点的Coupon由te 1 Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate出现的情况有2.1180%+4%;1.4197%+4%;因此te 2 coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.021180+0.04)= 61.181000×(0.014197+0.04)= 54.20te 2的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 2的总现金流向te 1折现(1074.21×0.5+1076.03×0.5+61.18)/(1+2.1180%)=1112.73(1076.03×0.5+1077.30×0.5+54.20)/(1+1.4197%)=1115.03te 1的Coupon由te 0时刻Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate有-0.25%+4%则te 1的Coupon为1000×(-0.0025+0.04)= 37.50te 1的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 1的总现金流向te0折现(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27这个1154.27为债券的VN下面利用二叉树计算债券的CVA;te 4的Exposure为0.125×1120.80+0.375×1094.16+0.375×1076.31+0.125×1064.34=1087.07te 3的Exposure为0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60+0.125×1039.05+0.250×84+0.5×69.49+0.250×59.77=1108.90te 2的Exposure为0.25×1074.21+0.5×1076.03+0.25×1077.30+61.18×0.5+54.20×0.5=1133.583te 1的Exposure为1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50=1151.38由以上Exposure数据,已知Recovery rate为25%,所以可以知道Recovery;再用Exposure减去Recovery可以得到Loss given fault (LG;本题 hazarrate为1.5%,则可以算出POS以及对应PO再用违约损失LG以违约概率PO到预期损失Expecteloss;Expecteloss通过折现因子求得PV(EL);加总即得到债券的CVA;因此由债券的VN去其CVA可以的到Fair value1154.27 – 47.6019 = 1106.67;已知当前债券的市场价格为1054;则可以改债券是相对被低估的。浮动利率这种算一道题就得半个小时,还很可能错一点结果就都错了,性价比太低了,高估低估随便蒙一个正确率还有50%,还不浪费时间,这个知识点可以建议考生直接忽略随便选一个,以整个考试为视角收益是最大的。

2023-09-07 13:00 1 · 回答

NO.PZ2019011002000009 问题如下 BonC is a 4-yecorporate bon The bonis a floating rate bonanits coupon rate is the one-yebenchmark rate plus 4%. Assume the risk-neutrprobability of fault (the hazarrate) for eate for the bonis 1.50%, anthe recovery rate is 25%.The current spot rates anforwarrates are shown in the table below:Li, a cret analyst in a wealth management firm, believes ththe future interest rate volatility is 20%.He constructea binomiinterest rate tree using his volatility estimation anthe current yielcurve.The binomiinterest rate tree is shown below:The market priof this floating rate bonis 1054 currently. Accorng to the information above, comparewith the bons fair value, the value of the bonis: A.Unrvalue B.Overvalue C.Fairly-value A is correct.考点使用二叉树对有风险的浮动利率债券进行估值解析本题是要计算Floating-rate bonFair value;首先需要用二叉树模型计算其VN有该浮动利率债券的Coupon为Benchmark rate加上4%,因此te 4的Coupon rate出现的情况有8.0804%+4%;5.4164%+4%;3.6307%+4%;2.4338%+4%因此te 4现金流的情况1000×(1+0.080804+0.04)=1120.801000×(1+0.054164+0.04)=1094.161000×(1+0.036307+0.04)=1076.311000×(1+0.024338+0.04)=1064.34由te 4的现金流和二叉树所示利率,可以折现求得te 3四个节点的Value:1120.80/1.080804=1037.011094.16/1.054164=1037.941076.31/1.036307=1038.601064.34/1.024338=1039.05由te 2的Benchmark利率可以知道在te 3三个节点Coupon rate出现的情况有4.3999%+4%;2.9493%+4%;1.9770%+4%因此te 3 Coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.043999+0.04)=841000×(0.029493+0.04)=69.491000×(0.019770+0.04)=59.77将te 3各个节点的Coupon加上te 3各个节点的Value构成te 3的总现金流,利用二叉树向te 2折现[(0.5×1037.01+0.5×1037.94)+84]/1.043999=1074.21[(0.5×1037.94+0.5×1038.60)+69.49]/1.029493=1076.03[(0.5×1038.60+0.5×1039.05)+59.77]/1.019770=1077.30te 2的两个节点的Coupon由te 1 Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate出现的情况有2.1180%+4%;1.4197%+4%;因此te 2 coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.021180+0.04)= 61.181000×(0.014197+0.04)= 54.20te 2的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 2的总现金流向te 1折现(1074.21×0.5+1076.03×0.5+61.18)/(1+2.1180%)=1112.73(1076.03×0.5+1077.30×0.5+54.20)/(1+1.4197%)=1115.03te 1的Coupon由te 0时刻Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate有-0.25%+4%则te 1的Coupon为1000×(-0.0025+0.04)= 37.50te 1的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 1的总现金流向te0折现(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27这个1154.27为债券的VN下面利用二叉树计算债券的CVA;te 4的Exposure为0.125×1120.80+0.375×1094.16+0.375×1076.31+0.125×1064.34=1087.07te 3的Exposure为0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60+0.125×1039.05+0.250×84+0.5×69.49+0.250×59.77=1108.90te 2的Exposure为0.25×1074.21+0.5×1076.03+0.25×1077.30+61.18×0.5+54.20×0.5=1133.583te 1的Exposure为1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50=1151.38由以上Exposure数据,已知Recovery rate为25%,所以可以知道Recovery;再用Exposure减去Recovery可以得到Loss given fault (LG;本题 hazarrate为1.5%,则可以算出POS以及对应PO再用违约损失LG以违约概率PO到预期损失Expecteloss;Expecteloss通过折现因子求得PV(EL);加总即得到债券的CVA;因此由债券的VN去其CVA可以的到Fair value1154.27 – 47.6019 = 1106.67;已知当前债券的市场价格为1054;则可以改债券是相对被低估的。 为啥这道题目在计算exposure的时候没有考虑coupon的不确定性的加权平均???

2023-07-29 12:12 1 · 回答

NO.PZ2019011002000009问题如下BonC is a 4-yecorporate bon The bonis a floating rate bonanits coupon rate is the one-yebenchmark rate plus 4%. Assume the risk-neutrprobability of fault (the hazarrate) for eate for the bonis 1.50%, anthe recovery rate is 25%.The current spot rates anforwarrates are shown in the table below:Li, a cret analyst in a wealth management firm, believes ththe future interest rate volatility is 20%.He constructea binomiinterest rate tree using his volatility estimation anthe current yielcurve.The binomiinterest rate tree is shown below:The market priof this floating rate bonis 1054 currently. Accorng to the information above, comparewith the bons fair value, the value of the bonis:A.Unrvalue.Overvalue.Fairly-valueA is correct.考点使用二叉树对有风险的浮动利率债券进行估值解析本题是要计算Floating-rate bonFair value;首先需要用二叉树模型计算其VN有该浮动利率债券的Coupon为Benchmark rate加上4%,因此te 4的Coupon rate出现的情况有8.0804%+4%;5.4164%+4%;3.6307%+4%;2.4338%+4%因此te 4现金流的情况1000×(1+0.080804+0.04)=1120.801000×(1+0.054164+0.04)=1094.161000×(1+0.036307+0.04)=1076.311000×(1+0.024338+0.04)=1064.34由te 4的现金流和二叉树所示利率,可以折现求得te 3四个节点的Value:1120.80/1.080804=1037.011094.16/1.054164=1037.941076.31/1.036307=1038.601064.34/1.024338=1039.05由te 2的Benchmark利率可以知道在te 3三个节点Coupon rate出现的情况有4.3999%+4%;2.9493%+4%;1.9770%+4%因此te 3 Coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.043999+0.04)=841000×(0.029493+0.04)=69.491000×(0.019770+0.04)=59.77将te 3各个节点的Coupon加上te 3各个节点的Value构成te 3的总现金流,利用二叉树向te 2折现[(0.5×1037.01+0.5×1037.94)+84]/1.043999=1074.21[(0.5×1037.94+0.5×1038.60)+69.49]/1.029493=1076.03[(0.5×1038.60+0.5×1039.05)+59.77]/1.019770=1077.30te 2的两个节点的Coupon由te 1 Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate出现的情况有2.1180%+4%;1.4197%+4%;因此te 2 coupon现金流的情况1000×(0.021180+0.04)= 61.181000×(0.014197+0.04)= 54.20te 2的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 2的总现金流向te 1折现(1074.21×0.5+1076.03×0.5+61.18)/(1+2.1180%)=1112.73(1076.03×0.5+1077.30×0.5+54.20)/(1+1.4197%)=1115.03te 1的Coupon由te 0时刻Benchmark利率决定,因此te 1的Coupon rate有-0.25%+4%则te 1的Coupon为1000×(-0.0025+0.04)= 37.50te 1的Coupon现金流加上Value现金流构成te 1的总现金流向te0折现(1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50)/(1-0.25%)=1154.27这个1154.27为债券的VN下面利用二叉树计算债券的CVA;te 4的Exposure为0.125×1120.80+0.375×1094.16+0.375×1076.31+0.125×1064.34=1087.07te 3的Exposure为0.125×1037.01+0.375×1037.94+0.375×1038.60+0.125×1039.05+0.250×84+0.5×69.49+0.250×59.77=1108.90te 2的Exposure为0.25×1074.21+0.5×1076.03+0.25×1077.30+61.18×0.5+54.20×0.5=1133.583te 1的Exposure为1112.73×0.5+1115.03×0.5+37.50=1151.38由以上Exposure数据,已知Recovery rate为25%,所以可以知道Recovery;再用Exposure减去Recovery可以得到Loss given fault (LG;本题 hazarrate为1.5%,则可以算出POS以及对应PO再用违约损失LG以违约概率PO到预期损失Expecteloss;Expecteloss通过折现因子求得PV(EL);加总即得到债券的CVA;因此由债券的VN去其CVA可以的到Fair value1154.27 – 47.6019 = 1106.67;已知当前债券的市场价格为1054;则可以改债券是相对被低估的。这题VN能用表1的spot rate 折现吗,一定要用二叉树吗?之前题库也有个类似的,那道题没用二叉树求VN直接用ytm求的。这题我用spot rate折现结果是1107.86889答案也是对的,和二叉树求的也差太多了

2023-04-13 20:18 1 · 回答