嗨,从没放弃的小努力你好:
问题1:
你的疑问很好,核心问题是 assurance(合理保证) 和 guarantee(绝对保证) 之间的区别,以及为什么在不同的语境下,这两个词似乎被交叉使用,是否存在矛盾。
我们先来区分一下这两个概念:
Assurance(合理保证):
- 用于财务审计(financial audit):指的是审计师通过独立检查,确保财务报表在重大方面(material aspects)上公允反映公司的财务状况。
- 重点:审计师不能保证所有数据 100% 准确无误(因为审计是抽样的,不是全覆盖),所以提供的是“合理保证”,而不是“绝对保证”。
Guarantee(绝对保证):
- 在某些非财务审计场景(如可持续发展审计)中,有时会使用 guarantee,但通常是对特定数据准确性的认证,而不是财务报表整体的“绝对保证”。
- 例如,在 Sustainability Audit(可持续性审计) 部分,“an independent guarantee of data accuracy” 可能是指数据来源、测量方法经过认证,并不是指财务报表级别的审计保证。
在财务审计中,审计师不会提供 guarantee,而是提供 assurance。
为什么教材在不同部分使用了assurance和guarantee?
“The auditor independently examines and provides third-party assurance of the financial statements.”
这里明确说的是 assurance,而不是 guarantee,符合财务审计的标准做法。
“provision of an independent guarantee that both data and analysis are credible and accurate.”
如果仔细看这个从句,是强调对数据和分析的可靠性和准确性提供独立保证。
“an independent guarantee of data accuracy.”
这也是针对于数据验证的场景,如果是针对有重大影响的数据,那这个说法也是合理的。
所以,我们还是需要记住,财务审计提供的只是 reasonable assurance(合理保证),而非 absolute guarantee(绝对保证)。
这个知识点可以结合下面这道题目来记:
NO.PZ2024010505000031
问题如下:
Which statement outlines the distinction between the auditor’s role in relation to the financial statements and the auditor’s role in relation to the rest of the annual report and accounts?
选项:
A.Assurance on the financial statements and a report on inconsistencies in narrative reporting
B.Guarantee of accuracy of the financial statements and a report on inconsistencies in narrative reporting
C.Assurance on the financial statements and on narrative reporting
解释:
A is correct. Auditors provide assurance that the financial statements are fairly presented but cannot provide guarantees as to the accuracy of every number in the financial statements. Auditors also have a “specific duty to highlight any apparent inconsistencies between the financial statements and other reporting by the company.”
----------------------------------------------虽然现在很辛苦,但努力过的感觉真的很好,加油!