B和C,选项怎么理解，教材出处在哪里

问题如下：

Which of the following statements is correct?

选项：

A.Both bank insolvency and bank failure aremajor concerns for the bank’s counterparties even if the bank still has a source of liquidity under insolvency.

B.

For retail depositors, the expected loss on their deposits is the same whether the bank fails or becomes insolvent.

C.

The rate of corporate failure during normal market conditions is the same for banks and for nonfinancial corporations.

D.

As lender of last resort, a central bank provides capital to a bank in financial distress for the same reason whether the bank is considered “too big to fail” or “too small to fail.”

解释：

A is correct. Despite having access to liquidity (e.g., central bank as “lender of last resort”), a bank under insolvency is of concern to counterparties and other stakeholders (e.g., investors) because the bank’s credit quality (rating) declines, access to some (but not all) sources of funding is lost, the pricing of its risk is changed, and the allocation of bank capital is changed.

B is incorrect. The extent of deposit insurance varies from country to country. In most cases, the insurance may not cover deposits in whole and the expected loss under bank failure would not be the same as the expected loss under bank insolvency, which is still a going concern.

C is incorrect. Bank failures are rare during normal times compared to nonbank firm failures. Weaker banks tend to be merged into other stronger banks.

D is incorrect. With “too big to fail,” the central banks provide capital support to avoid systemic risk of contagion and the possibility of adverse country-wide financial instability. However, with “too small to fail,” central banks arrange somewhat quiet absorption for small banks in trouble because it is cheaper and more expedient, and also because it would be embarrassing to let the small banks fail.