问

问题如下：

The means of executing cost leadership competitive strategies do not include which of the following?

选项：

A.

proximity to customers

B.

favorable access to raw materials

C.

economies of scale from fixed costs

解释：

A is correct. Proximity to customers is a means of executing a focus strategy. The means of executing a cost leadership strategy include economies of scale from fixed costs, favorable access to raw materials, a culture of strict cost control, aggressive pricing to gain high volume, low-cost distribution, and economies of scope.