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C_M_ · 2024年08月25日

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NO.PZ2023101902000086

问题如下:

A pension fund invests in a variety of asset classes including bonds, equities, commodities and currencies. To meet growing pension liabilities, the fund’s board has been putting a lot of pressure on the chief investment officer (CIO) to increase returns. One proposal that came up at the last board meeting was to invest in hedge funds. The chief risk officer (CIO), in preparing a quarterly report to the board, is concerned about giving an accurate and appropriate representation of the risk the fund faces, responding to several requests from the CIO for information to be included in the report, and investigating the issue of risks related to investing in hedge funds.One of the board members has suggested that the CIO look at several hedge funds that have reported strong performance in recent years. The CRO is familiar with many of these funds and is aware that several invest heavily in illiquid assets and that this may cause standard risk measures based on daily returns to give a misleading picture of their risk. Which of following statements about daily risk measures applied to hedge funds that invest in illiquid assets is correct?

选项:

A.Correlation with other investments will be artificially lowered, giving the appearance of low systematic risk.

B.Infrequent trading reduces the smoothing effects from mark-to-market valuation, giving the appearance of high volatility.

C.Returns of illiquid assets tend to exhibit negative serial correlation, leading to higher long-term volatility.

D.All else being equal, illiquid assets tend to have lower Sharpe ratios, causing the incorrect appearance of an illiquid premium.

请解释一下每个选项。

2 个答案

李坏_品职助教 · 2024年08月26日

嗨,从没放弃的小努力你好:


平滑效果:

右边的图是每天都记录数据的折线图,左边的图则是每个月记录一次。由于采样频率降低,所以左边的图看着平滑了一些,这就是smoothing effect。


投资于illiquid assets的hedge fund由于采样频率很低,所以存在较高的smoothing effect,而且这个effect会降低波动率(左图的走势更平滑,波动更低)。所以B选项错误。



所谓负相关性指的是均值回归效果,典型的均值回归会出现在流动性很强的资产,例如传统的大宗商品、大市值股票等,利率也存在均值回归效应。



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李坏_品职助教 · 2024年08月25日

嗨,爱思考的PZer你好:


题目说有一些hedge fund投资于流动性较弱的资产,问你这些hedge fund会出现什么样的风险问题?


A选项说这种hedge fund的系统风险较低,与其他基金之间的相关性较低。

投资于illiquid assets,指的是买入可转债、粉单市场(价格低于1美元的股票)甚至不动产这一类特殊资产,这些资产的交易量较低,hedge fund的净值也无法及时反映最新的成交价格,导致与传统的股票基金、债券基金没什么相关性,所以A是对的。


B说的是由于高波动性,这些流动性差的资产交易频率低,这缓解了逐日盯市(MTM valuation)带来的平滑效果。这个不对,前面的讲义截图明确说明,流动性差的资产的波动率是会偏低的。


C说的是流动性差的资产往往会出现负的自相关性,导致更高的长期波动率。这个不对,流动性差的资产是会出现正的自相关性,也就是动量效应。


D说的是流动性差的资产会导致更低的夏普比率。这个不对。illiquid premium是由于流动性差而使得这部分特殊资产比普通的股票债券有更高的超额收益(风险补偿),如果配置得当,也可以增加投资组合的夏普比率。

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C_M_ · 2024年08月25日

1.什么是平滑效果,什么时候会提升 2.什么时候会有负相关性

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