NO.PZ2023041102000062
问题如下:
In Central Aldorria (CA), the farmers, rather than the central government, effectively own the rights to the fresh water. Manufacturing firms that require fresh water have located downstream from the farms. The manufacturers frequently need to negotiate with the farmers to release water from the dams for a price. Recently, a dispute between the country’s manufacturing interests and farming interests arose over the price of water.
Suarez, CA’s president, begins a discussion on the ownership interests in the dams. He proposes that the government, through the WRB (the Water Regulatory Board), purchase the dams at a fair market price and then maintain them to benefit all. The WRB would then set the price of water and guarantee a minimum level to downstream consumers.
Antoli, representative from the farmers, proposes keeping the dams privately owned, with maintenance costs (estimated to be 30% of the current value of the dam as an initial expense followed by very low ongoing annual expenses) directly offsetting taxes owed by the owners of the dams. In return, the owners of the dams must guarantee that a set amount of water be made available at a price set by the Benez, representativWRB. Any additional water will be priced through individual bargaining.
Benez, representative from the manufacturers, proposes a compromise in which the government leases the dams with an annual lease payment set at 10% of the current dam value for a period of 30 years, with maintenance costs offsetting up to one-third of the lease payment in any given year. The WRB would then set the price and limits on water availability in the manner suggested by Suarez. Further, the issue can be re-addressed upon expiration of the lease.
Of the three proposals concerning dam ownership and maintenance, the proposal that provides the least amount of regulatory burden is the one given by:
选项:
A.Antoli. B.Benez. C.Suarez.解释:
In this case, regulatory burden is measured by the cost imposed on the government to implement the regulations. The government costs associated with each proposal are as follows:
Antoli’s proposal would result in the lowest level of government spending, because no cash outlay is necessary, and consequently results in the least amount of regulatory burden.
在本题中,监管负担是由政府实施监管的成本来衡量的。与每项建议有关的政府成本如上标所示:
安托利的提议将导致最低水平的政府支出,因为不需要现金支出,从而导致最少的监管负担。
“……which the government leases the dams with an annual lease payment set at 10% of the current dam value for a period of 30 years, with maintenance costs offsetting up to one-third of the lease payment in any given year. ”
Benez的意思是:政府租,维护费用政府出,但是可以从租金中减免(offset)。我不懂这个offset是怎么offset的,难道不是租金和维护费都是政府出吗?那这个咋Offset?