NO.PZ2022082302000013
问题如下:
What kinds of situations does the term ‘negative externality’ best describe?
选项:
A.Situations where the production of goods induces costs to others that are not reflected in the prices charged for them.
B.Situations where the consumption of services induces benefits to others that are not reflected in the prices charged for them.
C.Situations where the production or consumption of a product or service's private price equilibrium cannot reflect the true costs of that product or service for society as a whole.
D.Situations where the production or consumption of a product or service's private price equilibrium cannot reflect the true benefits of that product or service for society as a whole.
解释:
中文解析:
本题考察的是负外部性。
外部性指的是产品和服务的生产或消费为他人创造的成本或利益没有反映在其收取的价格中。
当外部性为负时,也就是出现负外部性时,私人成本低于社会成本,导致市场结果可能不有效,或者换句话说,导致“市场失灵”。
这与C选项的表述是相一致的,即一种产品或服务的生产或消费的私人价格均衡不能反映该产品或服务对整个社会的真实成本的情况。
A选项:商品生产诱发了他人的成本,而这些成本没有反映在商品的价格中。
B选项:服务的消费诱发了他人的利益,而这些利益没有反映在服务的收费中。
D选项描述的是正外部性:一种产品或服务的生产或消费的私人价格均衡不能反映该产品或服务对整个社会的真正好处(注意是benefit)的情况。
请举例说明,谢谢老师!