做过的题你都能拿分吗?
临近考试,小编相信大家都开始启用“题海”战术,疯狂刷题,可是你现在做过的题,你考场碰到都能做对吗?
同为备考党的我,小编只想说,如果只做过一遍,那怕是有点难。
我相信大家都是从题海战术里走出来的朋友们,这其实就是一个熟能生巧的事情,即时可能你对某个知识点不理解,但是同一个题型你做完3次后,就有一种闭着眼睛我都能认出你的熟悉感,剥掉题干的外壳,其实都是同一个套路。
那么到底哪些题目是有典型考法的,哪些知识点是比较易错的点,这就是大家考前需要拿个小本本记下来的事情。
看到这里,是不是大家都有一种蠢蠢欲动,要赶紧去做笔记的想法?
知道目前大家都在争分多秒学习,贴心的品职教研组的小哥哥、小姐姐们也是熬夜赶工(心疼一下),帮大家整理了CFA三个级别学科的错题本,希望在最后的时候能给大家起到助力的作用。
在接下来的几周里,我们会陆续发放三个级别的高频问答,希望对大家的备考有所帮助。今天二级放上固定收益的错题本,大家一起来看看这些题都会做吗?
精选问答1
题干
Based on the information in Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2, the value of the embedded option in Bond 4 is closest to:
nil
0.1906
0.3343
答案解析
C is correct.
解题思路
Bond 4是callable bond,embedded call option的价值为:
Value of call option on bond = Value ofstraight bond – Value of callable bond
利用spot rate对不含权债券进行定价:
1.55/(1.0100) + 1.55/ (1.012012)2+ 101.55/(1.012515)3 =100.8789
Callable bond的定价需要使用1-year forward rate,将债券的现金流从最后一期开始,依次向前一个节点折现,并判断折现值是否会触发行权。使用表格中的forward rate对callable bond进行定价:
所以value of call option=100.8789-100.5446=0.3343
需要注意的是:这道题比较特殊,题干让我们基于表1和表2求embedded option的value。表1给出的利率只有一条路径,那么这条利率路径发生的概率就是100%,不需要像二叉树那样考虑两个路径的平均价。
其实就是用每年的forward rate把未来一年的现金流折现到每个节点,对比是否行权即可。这个和二叉树的本质是一样的,本题给出的是每一年单一的forward rate,只不过不是二叉树的形式而已。
易错点分析
容易将embedded option的价值算成是callable bond的价值。
不会利用one-year forward rate对callable bond定价。
精选问答2
题干
Note: Each bond has a remaining maturity of three years, annual coupon payments, and a credit rating of BBB.
To assess the interest rate risk of the three bonds, Bianchi constructs two binomial interest rate trees based on a 10% interest rate volatility assumption and a current one-year rate of 1%.
Panel A of Exhibit 2 provides an interest rate tree assuming the benchmark yield curve shifts down by 30 bps, and Panel B provides an interest rate tree assuming the benchmark yield curve shifts up by 30 bps. Bianchi determines that the AI bondis currently trading at an option-adjusted spread (OAS) of 13.95 bps relativeto the benchmark yield curve.
Based on Exhibits 1 and 2, the effectiveduration for the AI bond is closest to:
1.98
2.15
2.73
答案解析
B is correct.
解题思路
从表1中可以得知:PV0=100.2。本题的计算比较多,需要利用利率向上平移的二叉树计算出PV+,并且利用利率向下平移的二叉树计算出PV-。
利率向下平移30bps,得到债券价格PV-为100.78。
利率向上平移30bps,债券价格PV(+)为99.487
根据effective duration公式:
易错点分析
容易直接用表2中的benchmark利率二叉树进行折现,漏加OAS。在折现callable bond现金流时,我们需要在benchmark yield的基础上再加上OAS,因为折现的是风险现金流。OAS是含权债券的credit spread,所以要在benchmark上加上OAS才等于yield。
容易忘记将callable bond取不到的现金流调整到行权价。
精选问答3
题干
Chan discusses the mechanics of a long/short trade. In order to structure a number of potential trades, Chan and Smithexchange their respective views on individual companies and global economies.Chan and Smith agree on the following outlooks.
Outlook 1: Italy’s economy will weaken.
Outlook 2: The US economy will strengthen relative to that of Canada.
Outlook 3: The credit quality of electric car manufacturers will improve relative to that of traditional car manufacturers.
Based on the three economic outlookstatements, a profitable long/short trade would be to:
go long a Canadian CDX IG andshort a US CDX IG.
short an iTraxx Crossover and go long an iTraxx Main.
short electric car CDS and golong traditional car CDS.
答案解析
B is correct.
解题思路
对于Outlook 1,预期意大利的经济是衰退的,high-yield bond会跌的更厉害,所以我们应该买high yield bond保险。相对来说,投资级别表现相对较好,我们应该卖IG bond保险。
对于Outlook 2,加拿大的经济相对美国更疲软,因此买入加拿大的protection。就是转移加拿大的信用风险,因此是Short Canadian CDX IG。卖出美国的Protection,对应主动承担美国的信用风险,因此是Long US CDX IG,因此A选项错误。
对于Outlook 3,预期电动汽车的信用质量相对于传统汽车有所提升,因此盈利的头寸应该是卖出电动汽车的Protection,买入传统汽车的Protection。
卖出电动汽车的Protection, 则主动承担电动汽车的信用风险,因此是Long electric car CDS。买入传统汽车的Protection,相当于转移传统汽车的信用风险,因此是Short traditional car CDS。因此C选项错误。
易错点分析
容易混淆CDS的long/short头寸。
对B选项中的术语不熟悉,iTraxx main对应的标的物就是投资级别,iTraxx crossover对应的标的物就是High-yield bond。
精选问答4
题干
Smith asks Chan to assess the impact onderivative products of recent events affecting Maxx Corporation, a US company.
Chan says she isvery familiar with Maxx because many of its
unsecured debt obligations are commonly included in broad baskets of bonds used for hedging purposes. SGS recently sold €400 million of protection on the on-the-run CDX high yield (HY) index that includes a Maxx bond; the indexcontains 100 entities. Chan reports that creditors met with company executives to impose are structuring on Maxx bonds; as a result, all outstanding principal obligations will be reduced by 30%.
Following the Maxx restructuring, the CDXHY notional will be closest to:
A. €396.0 million.
B. €398.8 million.
C. €400.0 million.
答案解析
C is correct.
解题思路
CDS index里面每一个公司都是等权重的,当某家公司发生信用事件之后,该公司就按照比例从该index去除,index的notional principal也按照比例下降。重组被视为信用事件需要由债权人强制公司(forced on the borrower),即公司被动地执行(involuntarily)。虽然Maxx的重组在欧洲可以算作是信用事件,但是需要注意的是在美国重组不能算作信用事件。因此本题的notional(400 million)保持不变。
易错点分析
重组算作信用事件需要同时满足两个要求:
由债权人强制公司(forced on the borrower),即公司被动地执行重组(involuntarily);
发生在非美国。对这个知识点不熟悉,很多同学无从下手。联想到知识点的同学也很容易忽略第二个条件。
精选问答5
题干
Smith gathers information on spot rates for on-the-run annual-coupon government securities and swap spreads, as presented in Exhibit 1.
Shire Gate Advisers recently published a report for its clients stating its belief that, based on the weakness in thefinancial markets, interest rates will remain stable, the yield curve will not changeits level or shape for the next two years, and swap spreads will also remain unchanged.
Buy a four-year, zero-coupon corporate bond and then sell it after two years. Smith illustrates the returns from this strategy using the swap rate as a proxy for corporate yields. He should show atotal return closest to:
4.31%
5.42%
6.53%
答案解析
C is correct.
解题思路
Swap spread是一种常见的表示信用利差的方式。四年期swap rate可以用来代替四年期公司债的收益率。四年期的swap spread是0.7%,四年期的国债收益率为4.05%,则四年期的swap rate=4.05%+0.7%=4.75%。
因此购买四年期零息债券的价格为:P4=100/(1+0.0475)4=83.058。两年期的公司债收益率为两年期的swap rate=2.70%+0.30%=3%。四年期的零息债券持有两年后的卖出价格为:P2=100/(1+0.03)2=94.260。
因此采用riding the yield curve策略,可以获得的年化总收益为6.53%:(94.260/83.058)0.5-1=0.0653。
易错点分析
审题不仔细,没有加上swap spread。
误用两年末开始的两年期远期利率f(2,2)计算两年后的sale price。Riding the yield curve认为两年后实现的即期利率等于今天的spot rate,因此无法实现f(2,2)。当前的市场价格是用spot rate (Implied forward rate定价的),预期将来实现的利率/定价的利率低于implied forward rate,所以才产生了capital gain。
Total return是年化总收益,而不是持有期收益率。
配图来源网络